Acronyms and Abbreviations. Contents taken from Global Change Acronyms and Abbreviations, 1995. ORNLCDIAC83, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge. Anopheles Wikipedia. Anopheles1 Greek anofels useless2 is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1. 81. About 4. 60 species are recognised while over 1. Plasmodium, which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. Anopheles gambiae is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species to humans Plasmodium falciparum. Vector Globe Indonesia' title='Vector Globe Indonesia' />The name comes from the Greek, an, meaning not, and, phelos, meaning profit, and translates to useless. Anopheles mosquitoes kill about 4. Some species of Anopheles also can serve as the vectors for canine heartworm. Dirofilaria immitis, the filariasis causing species Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, and viruses such as one that causes Onyongnyong fever. An association of brain tumor incidence and malaria suggests the Anopheles might transmit a virus or other agent that could cause a brain tumor. Mosquitoes in other genera Aedes, Culex, Culiseta, Haemagogus, and Ochlerotatus can also serve as vectors of disease agents, but not malaria. Create your free blog with Blogger. Your blog is whatever you want it to be. We have updated our free editable vector maps of the world, with most major countries included. You can change the colours and lines to create interesting effects and. Viii. Geographic Information Systems Demystified. Common GIS Products and BiProducts. Database Management Systems. Quality Assurance, Six Sigma, and GIS. EvolutioneditThe ancestors of Drosophila and the mosquitoes diverged 2. The culicine and Anopheles clades of mosquitoes diverged between 1. The Old and New World Anopheles species subsequently diverged between 8. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors 1. The Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus clades diverged between 8. Facerig Mac'>Facerig Mac. A molecular study of several genes in seven species has provided additional support for an expansion of this genus during the Cretaceous period. The Anopheles genome, at 2. Mbp, is comparable in size to that of Drosophila, but considerably smaller than those found in other culicine genomes 5. Mbp1. 9 Gbp. Like most culicine species, the genome is diploid with six chromosomes. The only known fossils of this genus are those of Anopheles Nyssorhynchus dominicanus. Zavortink Poinar contained in Dominicanamber from the Late Eocene 4. Anopheles rottensis. Statz contained in German amber from the Late Oligocene 2. SystematicseditThe genus Anopheles Meigen nearly worldwide distribution belongs to the subfamily Anophelinae together with another two genera Bironella Theobald Australia only and Chagasia Cruz Neotropics. The taxonomy remains incompletely settled. Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences. The genus has been subdivided into seven subgenera based primarily on the number and positions of specialized setae on the gonocoxites of the malegenitalia. The system of subgenera originated with the work of Christophers, who in 1. Anopheles widely distributed, Myzomyia later renamed Cellia Old World and Nyssorhynchus Neotropical. Nyssorhynchus was first described as Lavernia by Theobald. Edwards in 1. 93. Stethomyia Neotropical distribution. Kerteszia was also described by Edwards in 1. Nyssorhynchus. It was elevated to subgenus status by Komp in 1. Neotropics. Two additional subgenera have since been recognised Baimaia Southeast Asia only by Harbach et al. Lophopodomyia Neotropical by Antunes in 1. Two main groupings within the genus Anopheles are used one formed by the Cellia and Anopheles subgenera and a second by Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia and Nyssorhynchus. Subgenus Stethomyia is an outlier with respect to these two taxa. Motorcycle Pins Patches. Within the second group, Kerteszia and Nyssorhynchus appear to be sister taxa. The number of species currently recognised within the subgenera is given here in parentheses Anopheles 2. Baimaia 1, Cellia 2. Kerteszia 1. 2, Lophopodomyia 6, Nyssorhynchus 3. Stethomyia 5. Taxonomic units between subgenus and species are not currently recognised as official zoological names. In practice, a number of taxonomic levels have been introduced. The larger subgenera Anopheles, Cellia and Nyssorhynchus have been subdivided into sections and series which in turn have been divided into groups and subgroups. Below subgroup but above species level is the species complex. Taxonomic levels above species complex can be distinguished on morphological grounds. Species within a species complex are either morphologically identical or extremely similar and can only be reliably separated by microscopic examination of the chromosomes or DNA sequencing. The classification continues to be revised. Subgenus Nyssorhynchus has been divided in three sections Albimanus 1. Argyritarsis 1. 1 species and Myzorhynchella 4 species. The Argyritarsis section has been subdivided into Albitarsis and Argyritarsis groups. The Anopheles group was divided by Edwards into four series Anopheles worldwide, Myzorhynchus Palearctic, Oriental, Australasian and Afrotropical, Cycloleppteron Neotropical and Lophoscelomyia Oriental and two groups, Arribalzagia Neotropical and Christya Afrotropical. Reid and Knight 1. Anopheles into two sections, Angusticorn and Laticorn and six series. The Arribalzagia and Christya Groups were considered to be series. The Laticorn Section includes the Arribalzagia 2. Christya and Myzorhynchus series. Adding Drivers To Windows Deployment Services more. The Angusticorn section includes members of the Anopheles, Cycloleppteron and Lophoscelomyia series. All species known to carry human malaria lie within either the Myzorhynchus or the Anopheles series. Life stageseditLike all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages in their life cycles egg, larva, pupa, and imago. The first three stages are aquatic and together last 51. The adult stage is when the female Anopheles mosquito acts as malariavector. The adult females can live up to a month or more in captivity, but most probably do not live more than two weeks in nature. Adult females lay 5. The eggs are quite small about 0. Eggs are laid singly and directly on water. They are unique in that they have floats on either side. Eggs are not resistant to drying and hatch within 23 days, although hatching may take up to 23 weeks in colder climates. Anopheles larva from southern Germany, about 8 mm long. Feeding position of an Anopheles larva A, compared to that of a nonanopheline mosquito BThe mosquito larva has a well developed head with mouth brushes used for feeding, a large thorax and a nine segment abdomen. It has no legs. In contrast to other mosquitoes, the Anopheles larva lacks a respiratory siphon, so it positions itself so that its body is parallel to the surface of the water. In contrast, feeding larva of a nonanopheline mosquito species attaches itself to the water surface with its posterior siphon, with their body pointing downwards. Larvae breathe through spiracles located on the eighth abdominal segment, so must come to the surface frequently. The larvae spend most of their time feeding on algae, bacteria, and other microorganisms in the surface microlayer. They dive below the surface only when disturbed. Larvae swim either by jerky movements of the entire body or through propulsion with the mouth brushes. Larvae develop through four stages, or instars, after which they metamorphose into pupae. At the end of each instar, the larvae molt, shedding their exoskeletons, or skin, to allow for further growth. First stage larvae are about 1 mm in length fourth stage larvae are normally 58 mm in length. The process from egg laying to emergence of the adult is temperature dependent, with a minimum time of seven days.